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| EMN > SEC Filings for EMN > Form 10-K on 25-Feb-2009 | All Recent SEC Filings |
25-Feb-2009
Annual Report
ITEM Page
Critical Accounting Estimates 32
Strategic Actions and Related Presentation of Non-GAAP 36
Financial Measures
2008 Overview 37
Results of Operations
Summary of Consolidated Results - 2008 Compared with 39
2007
Summary by Operating Segment 43
Summary by Customer Location - 2008 Compared with 49
2007
Summary of Consolidated Results - 2007 Compared with 50
2006
Summary by Operating Segment 54
Summary by Customer Location - 2007 Compared with 61
2006
Liquidity, Capital Resources, and Other Financial 62
Information
Environmental 67
Inflation 68
Recently Issued Accounting Standards 68
Outlook 70
Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors 71
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This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based upon the consolidated financial statements for Eastman Chemical Company ("Eastman" or the "Company"), which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted ("GAAP") in the United States, and should be read in conjunction with the Company's consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All references to earnings per share contained in this report are diluted earnings per share unless otherwise noted.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, the Company's management must make decisions which impact the reported amounts and the related disclosures. Such decisions include the selection of the appropriate accounting principles to be applied and assumptions on which to base estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, sales revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to impairment of long-lived assets, environmental costs, U.S. pension and other post-employment benefits, litigation and contingent liabilities, and income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The Company's management believes the critical accounting estimates described below are the most important to the fair presentation of the Company's financial condition and results. These estimates require management's most significant judgments in the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Allowances for Doubtful Accounts
The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The Company believes, based on historical results, the likelihood of actual write-offs having a material impact on financial results or earnings per share is low. However, if one of the Company's key customers were to file for bankruptcy, or otherwise be unable to make its required payments, or there was a significant continued slow-down in the economy, the Company could be forced to increase its allowances. This could result in a material charge to earnings. The Company's allowances were $7 million and $5 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets, including definite-lived intangible assets, when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Such events and circumstances include, but are not limited to, significant decreases in the market value of the asset, adverse change in the extent or manner in which the asset is being used, significant changes in business conditions, or current or projected cash flow losses associated with the use of the assets. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the total projected undiscounted cash flows from such asset is separately identifiable and is less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset. For long-lived assets to be held and used, fair value of fixed (tangible) assets and definite-lived intangible assets is determined primarily using either the projected cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved or an appraisal. For long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale or other than by sale, fair value is determined in a similar manner, except that fair values are reduced for disposal costs.
The provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards ("SFAS") No. 142 "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets," require that goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets be tested at least annually for impairment and require reporting units to be identified for the purpose of assessing potential future impairments of goodwill. The carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles is considered impaired when their fair value, as established by appraisal or based on undiscounted future cash flows of certain related products, is less than their carrying value. The Company conducts its annual testing of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment in the third quarter of each year, unless events warrant more frequent testing. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles primarily consist of goodwill in the Chemicals, Adhesives, Specialty Polymers and Inks ("CASPI") segment, which has maintained earnings through the second half of 2008. As such, recent events did not warrant retesting.
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As the Company's assumptions related to long-lived assets are subject to change, additional write-downs may be required in the future. If estimates of fair value less costs to sell are revised, the carrying amount of the related asset is adjusted, resulting in a charge to earnings. The Company recognized no fixed (tangible) asset impairment costs and no definite-lived intangible asset impairment costs in results from continuing operations during 2008. The Company recognized fixed (tangible) asset impairment costs of $120 million and definite-lived intangible asset impairment costs of $2 million in results from continuing operations during 2007.
Environmental Costs
The Company accrues environmental remediation costs when it is probable that the Company has incurred a liability at a contaminated site and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When a single amount cannot be reasonably estimated but the cost can be estimated within a range, the Company accrues the minimum amount. This undiscounted accrued amount reflects the Company's assumptions about remediation requirements at the contaminated site, the nature of the remedy, the outcome of discussions with regulatory agencies and other potentially responsible parties at multi-party sites, and the number and financial viability of other potentially responsible parties. Changes in the estimates on which the accruals are based, unanticipated government enforcement action, or changes in health, safety, environmental, and chemical control regulations and testing requirements could result in higher or lower costs. Estimated future environmental expenditures for remediation costs range from the minimum or best estimate of $11 million to the maximum of $21 million at December 31, 2008.
In accordance with SFAS No. 143, "Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations,"
("SFAS No. 143") the Company also establishes reserves for closure/postclosure
costs associated with the environmental and other assets it maintains.
Environmental assets, as defined in SFAS No. 143, include but are not limited
to waste management units, such as landfills, water treatment facilities, and
ash ponds. When these types of assets are constructed or installed, a reserve
is established for the future costs anticipated to be associated with the
retirement or closure of the asset based on an expected life of the
environmental assets and the applicable regulatory closure requirements. These
future expenses are charged against earnings over the estimated useful life of
the assets. Currently, the Company estimates the useful life of each individual
asset is up to 50 years. If the Company changes its estimate of the asset
retirement obligation costs or its estimate of the useful lives of these assets,
expenses to be charged against earnings could increase or decrease.
In accordance with Interpretation No. 47, "Accounting for Conditional Asset Retirement Obligations" ("FIN 47"), the Company also monitors conditional obligations and will record reserves associated with them when and to the extent that more detailed information becomes available concerning applicable retirement costs.
The Company's reserve was $41 million at December 31, 2008 and $42 million at December 31, 2007, representing the minimum or best estimate for remediation costs and the best estimate of the amount accrued to date over the regulated assets' estimated useful lives for asset retirement obligation costs.
Pension and Other Post-employment Benefits
The Company maintains defined benefit pension plans that provide eligible employees with retirement benefits. Additionally, Eastman provides life insurance and health care benefits for eligible retirees and health care benefits for retirees' eligible survivors. The costs and obligations related to these benefits reflect the Company's assumptions related to general economic conditions (particularly interest rates) and expected return on plan assets. For the U.S., at December 31, 2008, the Company assumed a discount rate of 6.08 percent on its defined benefit pension plan, 6.09 percent on its other post-employment benefit plan and an expected return on assets of 9 percent. The cost of providing plan benefits also depends on demographic assumptions including retirements, mortality, turnover, and plan participation.
The Company expects its 2009 pension expense to be similar to 2008. The December 31, 2008 projected benefit obligation and 2009 expense are affected by year-end 2008 assumptions. The sensitivities below are specific to the time periods noted. They also may not be additive, so the impact of changing multiple factors simultaneously cannot be calculated by combining the individual sensitivities shown. The following table illustrates the sensitivity to changes in the Company's long-term assumptions in the expected return on assets and assumed discount rate for the U.S. pension plan and other postretirement welfare plans:
Impact on
Impact on December 31, Impact on
2009 Pre-tax U.S. 2008 December 31,
Benefits Expense Projected 2008 Benefit
Benefit Obligation for
Obligation Other U.S.
Change in for U.S. Postretirement
Assumption Pension Plan Plans
25 basis
point
decrease in +$5 Million +$39 Million +$22 Million
discount
rate
25 basis
point
increase in -$5 Million -$37 Million -$21 Million
discount
rate
25 basis
point
decrease in +$3 Million No Impact N/A
expected
return on
assets
25 basis
point
increase in -$3 Million No Impact N/A
expected
return on
assets
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The expected return on assets and assumed discount rate used to calculate the Company's pension and other post-employment benefit obligations are established each December 31. The expected return on assets is based upon the long-term expected returns in the markets in which the pension trust invests its funds, primarily the domestic, international, and private equity markets. Historically, the Company has achieved an actual return which was equal to or greater than the expected return on assets. However, due to the global recession in 2008, the actual returns for 2008 were below expected returns. The assumed discount rate is based upon a portfolio of high-grade corporate bonds, which are used to develop a yield curve. This yield curve is applied to the expected durations of the pension and post-employment benefit obligations. As future benefits under the U.S. benefit plan have been fixed at a certain contribution amount, changes in the health care trend assumptions do not have a material impact on the results of operations.
The Company uses the market related valuation method to determine the value of plan assets, which recognizes the change of the fair value of the plan assets over five years. If actual experience differs from these long-term assumptions, the difference is recorded as an unrecognized actuarial gain (loss) and then amortized into earnings over a period of time based on the average future service period, which may cause the expense related to providing these benefits to increase or decrease. The charges applied to earnings in 2008, 2007, and 2006 due to the amortization of these unrecognized actuarial losses, largely due to actual experience versus assumptions of discount rates, were $37 million, $47 million, and $54 million, respectively.
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The Company does not anticipate that a change in pension and other post-employment obligations caused by a change in the assumed discount rate during 2009 will impact the cash contributions to be made to the pension plans during 2009. However, an after-tax charge or credit will be recorded directly to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of stockholders' equity, as of December 31, 2009 for the impact on the pension's projected benefit obligation of the change in interest rates, if any. While the amount of the change in these obligations does not correspond directly to cash funding requirements, it is an indication of the amount the Company will be required to contribute to the plans in future years. The amount and timing of such cash contributions is dependent upon interest rates, actual returns on plan assets, retirement, attrition rates of employees, and other factors. For further information regarding pension and other post-employment obligations, see Note 11, "Retirement Plans", to the Company's consolidated financial statements in
Litigation and Contingent Liabilities
From time to time, the Company and its operations are parties to or targets of lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including product liability, personal injury, asbestos, patent and intellectual property, commercial, contract, environmental, antitrust, health and safety, and employment matters, which are handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When a single amount cannot be reasonably estimated but the cost can be estimated within a range, the Company accrues the minimum amount. The Company expenses legal costs, including those expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency, as incurred. Based upon facts and information currently available, the Company believes the amounts reserved are adequate for such pending matters; however, results of operations could be affected by monetary damages, costs or expenses, and charges against earnings in particular periods.
Income Taxes
The Company records deferred tax assets and liabilities based on temporary
differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and
liabilities, applying enacted tax rates expected to be in effect for the year in
which the differences are expected to reverse. The ability to realize the
deferred tax assets is evaluated through the forecasting of taxable income using
historical and projected future operating results, the reversal of existing
temporary differences, and the availability of tax planning strategies.
Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more
likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. In the event that the
actual outcome of future tax consequences differs from our estimates and
assumptions, the resulting change to the provision for income taxes could have a
material adverse impact on the consolidated results of operations and statement
of financial position. As of December 31, 2008, a valuation allowance of $131
million has been provided against the deferred tax assets.
In accordance with FASB Interpretation No. 48, "Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes - An Interpretation of FASB No. 109", the Company recognizes income tax positions that meet the more likely than not threshold and accrues interest related to unrecognized income tax positions which is recorded as a component of the income tax provision.
Prior to 2007, the Company determined tax contingencies in accordance with SFAS No. 5, "Accounting for Contingencies." The Company recorded estimated tax liabilities to the extent the contingencies were probable and could be reasonably estimated.
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STRATEGIC ACTIONS AND RELATED PRESENTATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
During 2007 and 2008, the Company took strategic actions in its Performance Polymers segment to address its underperforming polyethylene terephthalate ("PET") manufacturing facilities outside the United States. In second quarter 2007, the Company completed the sale of its PET manufacturing facility in Spain and in first quarter 2008, the Company completed the sale of its PET polymers and purified terephthalic acid ("PTA") manufacturing facilities in the Netherlands and the PET manufacturing facility in the United Kingdom and related businesses. Results from, charges related to, and gains and losses from disposal of the Spain, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom assets and businesses are presented as discontinued operations. In fourth quarter 2007, the Company completed the sale of its Mexico and Argentina manufacturing facilities. As part of this divestiture, the Company entered into transition supply agreements for polymer intermediates. In order to provide a better understanding of the impact on Performance Polymers segment results of the divested Latin American PET assets, this Management's Discussion and Analysis includes certain financial measures with and without sales and operating results in Latin America from PET manufacturing facilities and related businesses in Mexico and Argentina and with and without contract polymer intermediates sales.
In fourth quarter 2006, the Company sold its polyethylene ("PE") and EpoleneTM polymer businesses and related assets of the Performance Polymers and CASPI segments. As part of the PE divestiture, the Company entered into a transition supply agreement for contract ethylene sales, from which sales revenue and operating earnings are included in the Performance Chemicals and Intermediates ("PCI") segment results in 2008 and 2007.
Also in fourth quarter 2006, the Company made strategic decisions relating to the scheduled shutdown of cracking units in Longview, Texas and a planned shutdown of higher cost PET assets in Columbia, South Carolina. Accelerated depreciation costs resulting from these decisions were $9 million and $49 million in 2008 and 2007, respectively. For more information on accelerated depreciation costs, see "Gross Profit" in the "Results of Operations" section of this Management's Discussion and Analysis.
In 2008, the Company sold certain mineral rights at an operating manufacturing site, recognizing $16 million of other operating income.
This Management's Discussion and Analysis includes the following non-GAAP
financial measures and accompanying reconciliations to the most directly
comparable GAAP financial measures. The non-GAAP financial measures used by the
Company may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other
companies and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for
measures of performance or liquidity prepared in accordance with GAAP.
· Company sales and segment sales and results from continuing operations
excluding sales revenue and results from continuing operations from sales in
Latin America of PET products manufactured at the divested Mexico and
Argentina PET manufacturing sites;
· Company and segment sales excluding contract ethylene sales under a transition agreement related to the divestiture of the PE product lines;
· Company and segment sales excluding contract polymer intermediates sales under a transition supply agreement related to the divestiture of the PET manufacturing facilities and related businesses in Mexico and Argentina;
· Company and segment gross profit, operating earnings and earnings from continuing operations excluding accelerated depreciation costs, asset impairments and restructuring charges, and other operating income; and
· Company earnings from continuing operations excluding net deferred tax benefits related to the previous divestiture of businesses.
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Eastman's management believes that contract ethylene sales under the transition
agreement related to the divestiture of the PE product lines, the contract
polymer intermediates sales under the transition supply agreement related to the
divestiture of the PET manufacturing facilities and related businesses in Mexico
and Argentina, and the other operating income from the sale of mineral rights do
not reflect the continuing and expected future business of the PCI and
Performance Polymers segments or of the Company. In addition, for evaluation and
analysis of ongoing business results and of the impact on the Company and
segments of strategic decisions and actions to reduce costs and to improve the
profitability of the Company, management believes that Company and segment
earnings from continuing operations should be considered both with and without
accelerated depreciation costs, asset impairments and restructuring charges, and
deferred tax benefits related to the previous divestiture of businesses, and
that Company and segment sales and results from continuing operations should be
considered both with and without sales revenue and results from continuing
operations from sales in Latin America of PET products manufactured at the
divested Mexico and Argentina manufacturing facilities. Management believes that
investors can better evaluate and analyze historical and future business trends
if they also consider the reported Company and segment results, respectively,
without the identified items. Management utilizes Company and segment results
including and excluding the identified items in the measures it uses to evaluate
business performance and in determining certain performance-based compensation.
These measures, excluding the identified items, are not recognized in
accordance with GAAP and should not be viewed as alternatives to the GAAP
measures of performance.
2008 OVERVIEW
The Company generated sales revenue of $6.7 billion for 2008 compared to $6.8 billion for 2007. Excluding the results of contract ethylene sales, contract polymer intermediates sales, and sales from divested PET facilities in Mexico and Argentina, sales revenue increased by 3 percent. The sales revenue increase was due to increased selling prices in response to higher raw material and energy costs more than offsetting lower sales volume. Although the Company had some volume decline through the first nine months 2008 compared to first nine months 2007, in addition to normal seasonality, Eastman's sales volumes had an unprecedented drop in fourth quarter 2008 due to the global recession.
Operating earnings were $519 million in 2008 compared to $504 million in 2007. Excluding accelerated depreciation costs, asset impairments and restructuring charges and other operating income, operating earnings were $558 million in 2008 compared with $665 million in 2007. The Company had strong results, despite Eastman, and the chemical industry as a whole, facing unprecedented declines in demand, particularly in fourth quarter 2008, extremely volatile raw material and energy costs and an uncertain global economy. The lower full year operating earnings were driven by the year over year decline in fourth quarter results, primarily due to the sharp deterioration in demand. This decline in demand caused lower sales volume and historically low capacity utilization which resulted in higher unit costs. These challenges resulted in lower than anticipated operating margins for the majority of the segments and the Company as a whole.
Primarily as a result of strategic actions related to the Performance Polymers and PCI segments, as well as a corporate severance program, operating earnings in 2008 were negatively impacted by $46 million in asset impairments and restructuring charges and $9 million of accelerated depreciation costs, and were positively impacted by $16 million in other operating income. Operating earnings in 2007 were negatively impacted by $112 million in asset impairments and restructuring charges and $49 million of accelerated depreciation costs. Asset impairments and restructuring charges for 2007 were primarily related to the divestiture of the Company's Mexico and Argentina PET manufacturing sites.
Earnings from continuing operations increased by $7 million for 2008 as compared . . .
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